11 th form Smoking

When your parents were young, people could buy cigarettes and smoke pretty much anywhere — even in hospitals! Ads for cigarettes were all over the place. Today we're more aware about how bad smoking is for our health. Smoking is restricted or banned in almost all public places and cigarette companies are no longer allowed to advertise on TV, radio, and in many magazines.

Almost everyone knows that smoking causes cancer, emphysema, and heart disease; that it can shorten your life by 10 years or more; and that the habit can cost a smoker thousands of dollars a year. So how come people are still lighting up? The answer, in a word, is addiction.

Once You Start, It's Hard to Stop

Smoking is a hard habit to break because tobacco contains nicotine, which is highly addictive. Like heroin or other addictive drugs, the body and mind quickly become so used to the nicotine in cigarettes that a person needs to have it just to feel normal.

People start smoking for a variety of different reasons. Some think it looks cool. Others start because their family members or friends smoke. Statistics show that about 9 out of 10 tobacco users start before they're 18 years old. Most adults who started smoking in their teens never expected to become addicted. That's why people say it's just so much easier to not start smoking at all.

How Smoking Affects Your Health

There are no physical reasons to start smoking. The body doesn't need tobacco the way it needs food, water, sleep, and exercise. And many of the chemicals in cigarettes, like nicotine and cyanide, are actually poisons that can kill in high enough doses.

The body is smart. It goes on the defense when it's being poisoned. First-time smokers often feel pain or burning in the throat and lungs, and some people feel sick or even throw up the first few times they try tobacco.

The consequences of this poisoning happen gradually. Over the long term, smoking leads people to develop health problems like heart disease, stroke, emphysema (breakdown of lung tissue), and many types of cancer — including lung, throat, stomach, and bladder cancer. People who smoke also have an increased risk of infections like bronchitis and pneumonia.

These diseases limit a person's ability to be normally active, and they can be fatal. Smoking is responsible for about 1 out of 5 deaths.

Smokers not only develop wrinkles and yellow teeth, they also lose bone density, which increases their risk of osteoporosis, a condition that causes older people to become bent over and their bones to break more easily. Smokers also tend to be less active than nonsmokers because smoking affects lung power.

Smoking can also cause fertility problems and can impact sexual health in both men and women. Girls who are on the pill or other hormone-based methods of birth control increase their risk of serious health problems, such as heart attacks, if they smoke.

The consequences of smoking may seem very far off, but long-term health problems aren't the only hazard of smoking. Nicotine and the other toxins in cigarettes, cigars, and pipes can affect a person's body quickly, which means that teen smokers experience many of these problems:

• Bad skin. Because smoking can slow the flow of blood vessels, it can prevent oxygen and nutrients from getting to the skin — which is why smokers often appear pale and unhealthy. Studies have also linked smoking to an increased risk of getting a type of skin rash called psoriasis.
• Bad breath. Cigarettes leave smokers with  persistent bad breath.
• Bad-smelling clothes and hair. The smell of stale smoke tends to linger — not just on people's clothing, but on their hair, furniture, and cars. And it's often hard to get the smell of smoke out.
• Reduced athletic performance. People who smoke usually can't compete with nonsmoking peers because the physical effects of smoking (like rapid heartbeat, decreased circulation, and shortness of breath) impair sports performance.
• Greater risk of injury and slower healing time. Smoking affects the body's ability to produce collagen, so common sports injuries, such as damage to tendons will heal more slowly in smokers than nonsmokers.
• Increased risk of illness. Studies show that smokers get more colds, flu, bronchitis, and pneumonia than nonsmokers. And people with certain health conditions, like asthma, become more sick if they smoke (and often if they're just around people who smoke). Teens who smoke as a way to manage weight often light up instead of eating, as a result, their bodies lack the nutrients they need to grow, develop, and fight off illness properly.

11 form What can make you healthier?

What can make you healthier?

 Try to reduce stress which affects us both physically and mentally. Some effective ways
to get rid of stress are working less, having enough sleep, taking up a hobby, learning
to relax through a variety of leisure activities such as reading, music, gardening.

 Take regular exercise. The benefits of physical exercise are obvious. First of all, keeping
fit helps your body to stay strong and healthy. Therefore, you are less likely to get sick or
suffer from stress-related health problems such as heart attacks and cancer.
Furthermore, exercise is a good way to get rid of frustration and anger, because after
exercise the brain produces hormones called endorphins which make us feel good.

 Eat healthy foods which help us to live longer and to ward off the danger of strokes or
heart disease. A diet with lots of fruit and vegetables not only keeps the doctor away
but also makes us feel good. Eating carbohydrate-rich foods like bread, cereal, rice and
pasta causes the production of serotonin, which makes us feel calm.

What are the signs of a healthy individual?

What are the signs of a healthy individual?

Health varies greatly.

If someone is healthy physically, it usually shows because they have healthy habits such as exercising regularly and avoiding too many sweets. They definitely won't all look the same, because we have different body types and shapes, and a weight that is healthy for one person could be very unhealthy for another.

Emotional, Psychological, and Spiritual health should also be considered in assessing overall health. Having a generally positive outlook, interaction with others, avoidance of histrionics, and living what you believe, whatever that is, are also factors that could indicate a healthy person.

In general, if you feel hopeful and physically well, it is likely that you are healthy in several ways.
___

The healthiest individuals are described as being "fit," which means they can easily perform common sports activities. Many people are not fit, but could still be considered healthy.

The easiest answer is: a person is healthy if they are not sick. But, people can be very sick and not know it. Blood tests can be used to see if you are sick, even if you feel well. Other medical tests may be needed. Diabetes, heart disease and cancer often have no warning signs.

The other side of the coin is that you may not feel well even if the doctor can't find anything wrong.

Therefore, you can consider yourself healthy if you:

1) Feel well
2) A doctor says you are not sick

Feeling well generally consists of the following:

1) Having enough energy to do normal daily activities happily
2) Sleeping well, going to sleep easily, waking easily, feeling refreshed after sle

11th form phrasal verbs part 1

                        Mix with smb     общаться
                        Mix smb up       перепутать
                        Run along        уйти прочь
                        Run away from    сбежать
                        Run into         встретить случайно
                        Run over         сбить машиной
                        Run out of       закончиться (о запасах)
                        Hang about/around  слоняться где-нибудь без дела
                        Hang up (on smb)   повесить трубку
                        Hang on          подождать немного
                        Hang out         ездить часто

Business English 10th form

Words to know: Words to know: 1. An innovation 2. A patent 3. Diversification 4. A range 5. Headquarters 6. To set up - to establish 7. To specialize in – to concentrate on 8. A plan for growth – a programme of expansion 9. To introduce – to launch 10. To produce – to turn out 11. To be run by… – to be managed by… 12. To watch carefully – to monitor 13. To put into practice – to implement 14. Product sectors – divisions 15. Important matters – issues 16. Ways of doing business - practices

An Opinion Essay 11th form

                

Points for	Points against
1.       Brings money into the country-put to the countries good use 2.       Outside influences (culture/language, etc) promote international relations 3.       More jobs are created as a result of tourism 4.       Certain areas are developed –beneficial for both the community and the environment	1. The natural beauty of some places are spoilt by overdevelopment (quiet, secluded places turn into rowdy, crowed resorts)      2.  Litter on beaches, streets – problems with the locals/ Graffiti/litter detract visitors from the natural beauty of a place/the significance of the site       3.  A change in the character/traditions of a place(serving international cuisine rather than local dishes

Home of my dream

My ideal house

My ideal house would cost a great many thousands of dollars and therefore, even if I am very successful in life, I do not suppose that I shall possess it for a very long time. However there is no harm in dreaming, especially if the dream provides the driving force to turn fantasy into fact. As I live in Singapore, i would like my ideal house to be situated either on one of the residential estates, right outside the bustle of the city center, or on one of the coast roads so that the cool breezes from the ever beautiful China sea could waft through my windows. The gardens, with which my house would be surrounded would be very beautiful, full of colorful tropical flowers; orchids and canna lilies and with many glowing flowering shrubs. There would be tall leafy trees for shade and underneath them, my private swimming bath would be built, where we could relax and swim in the heat of the day. There would be pleasant paths winding through the green grass and comfortable seats where my family and I could rest, when the day’s toil was over. The house itself would be built of white stone which is both cool and weather-proof. It would be on two storeys, because I like the habit of sleeping upstairs. It would embody features from both the Eastern and Western worlds. In front of it, I would have a large path with cool concrete pavings for the floor and a roof and sides of hanging grapevine to which the humming birds would come in the still of the evening and keep company with us as we sat in the twilight . The main sitting-room and the dining room would be divided by sliding glass doors. The floor  would be made of parquet which is easy to keep clean and cool. Here, there would be comfortable 'easy chairs' in bright gay colors, many occasional tables and a cocktail cabinet, so that I could conveniently serve drinks to my friends. The dining room would be suitably furnished in bright, cool colors. Both these rooms would have large electric fans from the ceilings and many standing fans besides. They would not be air-conditioned because this, all through the day creates too artificial a contrast with the temperature outside and would not, therefore, be healthy. The kitchens and servants' quarters would lead off from the dining room and be connected to it by a long passage so that neither the noise nor the smells from the part of the house would reach our living quarters. The kitchen would be very modern and up-to-date with every mechanical device that money could buy. Washing machines, cookers, refrigerators, mixers, polishers, garbage disposal units; none of them would be stranger to my kitchen. All would be work-saving and cool so that my wife and servants' work in the kitchen would be a pleasure. On the second floor, I would have three air-conditioned bedrooms, each one with an attached bathroom and a shower. These bedrooms, two for my family and one for visitors would be carpeted and furnished with comfortable beds. Although mosquito proofing is not strictly necessary, I would have this too to ensure extra comfort and peace of mind. One of the rooms would be equipped as a nursery with gaily decorated furniture and walls bright with flowers, so that the hearts of my children would be glad. The walls in the rest of the house would be in plain pastel colors, because such shades seem to make rooms appear larger and cooler. At the back of the house, I would have a double garage with water pipes leading to it so that my cars would always be kept clean. Beyond this, in in the garden not attached to the house at all, would be a separate building of one storey; simple and clean and neat. This would be my study, sparsely furnished with just a desk and a chair and my book-shelves. Here, I could not only work, but also rest and be at peace to contemplate my ideal house and the great happiness which it had brought me. House of My Dream    Everyone likes dreaming. Dream is a hope for better things. It helps us overcome the difficulties of our daily routine. I'd like to tell you about the house of my dream. I'd like to have my own house on the bank of a beautiful river with crystal water, surrounded by high mountains, ,the tops of which are covered with evergreen trees. I would live there with my family. I imagine my house to be a two-storeyed building. Near the front side it has a facade with columns and steps up to the front door. There are also two balconies and a terrace in my house. The windows are in the shape of arches, through them you can see a wonderful landscape. There are lots of fir trees and flowers around the house. And you can walk in the shade of these trees listening to the birds singing. As you come through the front door, you find yourself in a large hall with an open stone fireplace. One of the doors leads to the living room. This room faces the south, so it's very sunny and has a lovely view of the whole valley. In the middle of this room there's a thick Persian carpet. There are few units of furniture in this room. On the left there's a leather sofa and small table nearby, on the right you can see a home cinema and satellite receiver. There are two armchairs in the corner of this room where we spend our evenings chatting with each other. Then a wide staircase takes you to the first floor where there are four spacious bedrooms. In the basement there is a big garage for our cars. Behind the house there is a swimming bath, covered with glass. There are some white plastic sunbeds and armchairs around the swimming bath. Our house looks peaceful and calm and the calmest room is my study. Next door to the study there is our library. It is a huge room with thousands books on history, astronomy, physics,and poetry, We have many different electrical appliances in our house. They make our life more comfortable. Also, we have some robots to help us. They look after the house, help with the cooking , grow vegetables in our garden and in the greenhouse. So, we enjoy having greens and fresh vegetables on our dinner table during long winters. Our house is a beautiful place at any time of the year. In winter it's warm and cozy, in summer there is so much to do outside.

Business English Unit 1 10th form

                                                          Company Structures

Most companies are made up of three groups of people: the shareholders (who provide the capital), the management and the workforce.

At the top of the company hierarchy is the Board of Directors, headed by the Chairperson or President. The Board is responsible for making policy decisions and for determining the company’s strategy. It will usually appoint a Managing Director or Chief Executive Officer, who has overall responsibility for the running of the business.

 Senior managers head the various departments or functions within the company, which may include Marketing, Public Relations, Information Technology or IT, Personnel or Human Resources, Finance, Production, Research and Development or R and D.